Which Of The Following Is The Genetic Makeup Of An Individual?
Glossary of Terms
A B C D E F Thou H I J K L Thou N O P Q R S T U V Due west 10 Y Z
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- A -
- albinism
- the genetically inherited status in which there is a marked deficiency of pigmentation in peel, hair, and eyes. An individual with these traits is an "albino." Since the gene for albinism is recessive, it simply shows up in the phenotype of homozygous recessive people. This is a pleiotropic trait.
- alleles
- alternating forms or varieties of a factor. The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait. Notwithstanding, because they are different, their activeness may outcome in unlike expressions of that trait.
- amino acids
- minor molecules that are the components of proteins. There are 20 dissimilar kinds of amino acids in living things. Proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids assembled in chain-like molecules. Amino acids are primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- Angelman syndrome
- a rare genetically inherited grade of mental retardation due to the deletion or inactivation of specific genes on chromosome 15. The inheritance of this syndrome is subject to genome imprinting. Children with Angleman syndrome typically as well take modest heads, experience seizures, have pronounced voice communication impairment, are hyperactive, and have residue disorders.
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- B -
- blending theory
- an incorrect 19th century theory about the inheritance of characteristics. It proposed that inherited traits blend from generation to generation. Through his plant cross-convenance experiments, Gregor Mendel proved that this was wrong
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- C -
- carrier
- an individual who is heterozygous for a trait that simply shows upwardly in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive. Carriers oft exercise not show whatsoever signs of the trait only can pass it on to their offspring. This is the case with hemophilia.
- cataract
- an damage of vision acquired past the lenses of the eyes condign cloudy. Cataracts are common in elderly people. They may exist inherited or caused by diabetes and environmental factors.
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- chronic disease
- an disease that lasts for a long menstruation of time or indefinitely. In contrast, an acute affliction is one with a rapid onset and a short merely commonly severe course.
- chromosomes
- thread-like, cistron-carrying bodies in the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes are composed primarily of DNA and protein. They are visible just under magnification during certain stages of cell division. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic jail cell and 23 in each sex cell.
- codominance
- the situation in which two different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Neither allele is dominant or recessive, so that both appear in the phenotype or influence it. Type AB blood is an example. Such traits are said to be codominant.
- cantankerous-pollination
- the mating of 2 genetically different plants of the aforementioned species. Usually, the term is used in reference to the crossing of ii pure breeding (homozygous) plants.
- cystic fibrosis
- a genetically inherited disease in children that results in chronic fluid evolution in the lungs, making animate difficult. This illness likewise prevents normal absorption of fats and other nutrients from food. Cystic fibrosis occurs as a result of inheriting a recessive allele for it from both parents. This is ultimately a fatal disease, but with mod medical care, about 2/3 of the people with information technology survive into early machismo. Well-nigh 30,000 people accept cystic fibrosis in the U.S. today.
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- D -
- diabetes
- an inherited metabolic disorder in which there are abnormally high blood sugar levels. In advanced stages, this frequently results in blindness from cataracts, nerve harm, gangrene in the anxiety and legs leading to amputation, middle disease, and kidney failure. Type ane diabetes melitis (juvenile onset diabetes) is due to decreased production of insulin by the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes melitis is due to increased resistance of cells in the torso to insulin. The gene or genes for diabetes are incompletely penetrant.
- ascendant allele
- an allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype. Dominant alleles for a trait are normally expressed if an individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
- DNA (dna )
- a large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins. DNA is composed of sugars, phosphates and bases arranged in a double helix shaped molecular structure. Segments of DNA in chromosomes represent to specific genes.
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- evolution
- genetic modify in a population of organisms that occurs over time. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species.
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- F -
- f1 generation
- the first offspring (or filial) generation. The next and subsequent generations are referred to as f2, f3, etc.
- fragile-X syndrome
- a relatively mutual genetically inherited abnormality of the X chromosome which results in mental retardation. Since it is an X-linked trait, males more often have information technology expressed in their phenotypes. Most fragile-Ten males have large testes, big ears, narrow faces, and sensory integration dysfunctions that result in learning disabilities. It is probable to occur 1 in g births. Approximately 1 in 700 females are carriers of the factor for this trait.
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- K -
- gene flow
- the transference of genes from i population to some other, usually equally a result of migration. The loss or addition of individuals can easily change the gene pool frequencies of both the recipient and donor populations--that is, they can evolve.
- factor pool
- all of the genes in all of the individuals in a breeding population. More precisely, it is the collective genotype of a population.
- genes
- units of inheritance normally occurring at specific locations, or loci, on a chromosome. Physically, a factor is a sequence of Deoxyribonucleic acid bases that specify the order of amino acids in an entire protein or, in some cases, a portion of a protein. A cistron may exist fabricated up of hundreds of thousands of DNA bases. Genes are responsible for the hereditary traits in plants and animals.
- genetic drift
- evolution, or modify in gene pool frequencies, resulting from random take a chance. Genetic drift occurs most rapidly in small populations. In large populations, random deviations in allele frequencies in i direction are more probable to exist cancelled out by random changes in the contrary direction.
- genetics
- the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring. Genetic mechanisms are the underlying foundation for evolutionary change. Genetics is the co-operative of science that deals with the inheritance of biological characteristics.
- genome
- the full genetic complement of an individual (or of a species). In humans, it is estimated that each individual possesses approximately 2.ix billion base of operations units in his or her DNA. See Human Genome Projection.
- genome imprinting
- an inheritance pattern in which a gene will have a different issue depending on the gender of the parent from whom it is inherited. Genome imprinting is also known equally genetic imprinting.
- genotype
- the genetic makeup of an individual. Genotype tin refer to an organism's entire genetic makeup or the alleles at a particular locus. Run into phenotype.
- gout
- a genetically inherited metabolic disorder in which at that place is an imbalance of uric acrid in the claret which causes a build up of urates in joint areas. Symptoms include painfully inflamed joints, especially of the feet and easily, that can get chronic and result in deformity. Usually, only one joint is involved, most commonly the base of operations of a big toe. Gout is a sex-controlled trait, usually being more than severe in men.
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- H -
- hemophilia
- an 10-linked genetically inherited recessive disease in which one or more of the normal blood clotting factors is not produced. This results in prolonged bleeding from even pocket-sized cuts and injuries. Swollen joints caused by internal haemorrhage is a common problem for hemophiliacs. Hemophilia most often afflicts males.
- heterozygous
- a genotype consisting of two unlike alleles of a cistron for a particular trait (Aa). Individuals who are heterozygous for a trait are referred to equally heterozygotes. See homozygous.
- HLA system
- the torso's genetically inherited system for recognizing and rejecting foreign tissues, such as transplanted organs. The HLA organisation has the most genes of any other known human multiple-allele series. In that location are at least thirty,000,000 possible HLA genotypes. HLA stands for "man leukocyte antigen" .
- homeotic gene
- come across regulator gene.
- homologous chromosomes
- chromosomes that are paired during the production of of sexual activity cells in meiosis. Such chromosomes are alike with regard to size and also position of the centromere. They besides have the same genes, but non necessarily the aforementioned alleles, at the same locus or location.
- homozygous
- having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous besides refers to a genotype consisting of 2 identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait. An individual may be homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa). Individuals who are homozygous for a trait are referred to as homozygotes. Come across heterozygous.
- Homo Genome Project
- a multinational research attempt designed to identify and map the location of all human genes. The idea of a Human Genome Project began at a 1984 international briefing in Utah. Research to decode the human genome began in earnest in 1986, funded by the U.S. Department of Free energy. The initial stage of discovering all human Deoxyribonucleic acid codons was completed early on in 2001 at a toll of 2.7 billion dollars. The adjacent phase of research will be to identify the proteins for which these genes lawmaking. This decoding of the homo proteome will be an fifty-fifty more daunting job than the original Human Genome Project. See genome.
- Huntington's disease
- a severe genetically inherited fatal degenerative nerve disorder. The symptoms usually practise not appear until early eye historic period. There is a progressive loss of muscle control that inevitably leads to paralysis and death. This illness is also called Huntington'southward chorea .
- hybrids
- offspring that are the result of mating betwixt two genetically unlike kinds of parents--the opposite of purebred.
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- I -
- incomplete penetrance
- the state of affairs in which an allele is expressed just if certain factors are present in the environment. The triggering of genetically inherited diabetes by obesity and perchance astringent emotional stress is an example.
- intermediate expression
- the situation in which a heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is intermediate between those resulting from the homozygous genotypes. The mid-range baritone male vocalisation is an example.
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- J -
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- K -
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- Chiliad -
- meiosis
- cell sectionalisation in specialized tissues of ovaries and testes which results in the production of sperm or ova. Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four daughter cells, each containing just one-half the original number of chromosomes--23 in the case of humans.
- Mendelian genetics
- inheritance patterns which can be explained by uncomplicated rules of say-so and recessiveness of genes.
- modifying gene
- a cistron that can alter the expression of another gene in the phenotype of an individual.
- monozygotic twins
- identical twins. Twins that come from the aforementioned zygote are essentially the same genetically. Differences betwixt monozygotic twins afterwards in life are about ever the result of environmental influences rather than genetic inheritance. Congenial twins may look like but are not genetically identical.
- multiple-allele series
- a state of affairs in which a gene has more than than ii alleles. The ABO blood type system is an example. Multiple-allele series simply partly follow uncomplicated Mendelian genetics.
- multiple sclerosis (MS)
- a genetically inherited progressive affliction of the central nervous organization. MS occurs equally a consequence of one's own immune organisation attacking the insulating sheath that ordinarily protects neurons. Symptoms range from numbness and tingling to paralysis. There is a loss of motor and cognitive functions. The factor(s) responsible for MS are incompletely penetrant in that the onset of the disease is apparently triggered past a virus and perchance other ecology factors. There is a correlation between the corporeality of sunlight that children are exposed to and the likelihood that they will develop MS afterwards in life. People who spend much of their first 16 years in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are much less likely to develop this affliction than those who live in far northern and far southern regions of our planet. It is believed that the lack of abundant sun exposure early in life is somehow responsible for the later onset of MS.
- muscular dystrophy (Physician)
- any of a grouping of inherited progressive muscle disorders acquired by a defect in one or more genes that control muscle function. Md is characterized by a gradual, irreversible wasting of skeletal muscle. Information technology is a sex-linked trait most oft passed on to sons by their mothers. The most common class, Duchene Medico, begins to weaken the legs of boys by age 3 and inevitably gets worse with each passing year. There is no cure for this disorder, and it unremarkably results in expiry before the age of thirty.
- mutation
- an alteration of genetic fabric such that a new variation is produced. For instance, a trait that has only i allele (A) can mutate to a new form (a). This is the just mechanism of evolution that can produce new alleles of a gene.
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- O -
- ovum (plural ova )
- a female sex activity jail cell or gamete.
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- P -
- pangenesis
- Charles Darwin's wrong theory about the inheritance of traits. He proposed that hereditary particles in the body are affected by the things an private does during his or her lifetime. These modified particles were idea to migrate via blood to the reproductive cells and later on could be inherited by the next generation. This was a variation of Lamarck's incorrect idea of the "inheritance of acquired characteristics."
- phenotype
- the observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism--the detectable expression of a genotype.
- pleiotropy
- the situation in which a single gene is responsible for a variety of traits. The commonage group of symptoms known as sickle-cell trait is an example.
- polygenic trait
- an inherited trait that is determined by genes at ii or more than loci. Elementary Mendelian rules of authorisation do not use to the complex interaction of these genes. As a result, phenotypes may announced as apparent blends or intermediate expressions. Man skin and pilus color are polygenic traits. Many polygenic traits are besides influenced by environmental factors.
- principle of contained assortment
- Gregor Mendel's second principle of genetic inheritance. It states that different pairs of genes are passed to offspring independently so that new combinations of genes, present in neither parent, are possible. In other words, the distribution of one pair of alleles does non influence the distribution of another pair. The genes controlling different traits are inherited independently of one another.
- principle of segregation
- Gregor Mendel'southward first principle of genetic inheritance. Information technology states that, for any detail trait, the pair of genes of each parent carve up (during the formation of sex activity cells) and only 1 gene from each parent passes on to an offspring. In other words, genes occur in pairs (because chromosomes occur in pairs). During gamete production, the members of each gene pair separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair. During fertilization, the full number of chromosomes is restored, and members of cistron pairs are reunited.
- probability
- the likelihood that a specific event will occur. Probability is usually expressed every bit the ratio of the number of bodily occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.
- proteins
- any of a big number of circuitous organic molecules that are composed of 1 or more chains of amino acids. Proteins can serve a broad diversity of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules. Proteins may exist enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural components, or gas-transporting molecules.
- proteome
- the total complement of proteins produced past an individual (or a species). It is estimated that each man produces approximately 90,000 types of proteins. Meet Homo Genome Project.
- psoriasis
- an inherited disease characterized by recurring thick, reddish patches of inflamed peel. Information technology affects men and women equally. This trait is bailiwick to genome imprinting.
- Punnett square
- a uncomplicated graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that tin occur and their probability given the parent genotypes. Meet example below. Punnett squares are commonly used by genetics counselors to predict the odds of a couple passing on particular inherited traits.
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- purebred
- offspring that are the consequence of mating betwixt genetically similar kinds of parents--the opposite of hybrid. Purebred is the aforementioned as true breeding.
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- R -
- recessive allele
- an allele that is masked in the phenotype by the presence of a ascendant allele. Recessive alleles are expressed in the phenotype when the genotype is homozygous recessive (aa).
- regulator gene
- a gene that can initiate or cake the functions of other genes. Regulator genes command the timing of production of a multifariousness of chemicals in humans and other organisms. Shortly after conception, regulator genes work every bit chief switches orchestrating the timely development of our torso parts. They are as well responsible for changes that occur in our bodies as we grow older. Regulator genes are as well called homeotic genes.
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- S -
- sex cell
- a gamete, either a sperm or an ovum. Sexual activity cells are produced by the meiosis process. See somatic jail cell.
- sex-controlled gene
- a gene that tin can be inherited past both genders but is normally expressed differently in males and females. Meet sex-limited gene.
- sex-express gene
- a gene that can be inherited by both genders just is ordinarily expressed in only males or females. Encounter sex-controlled gene.
- sickle-cell trait
- a genetically inherited recessive condition in which crimson blood cells are distorted resulting in severe anemia and related symptoms that are often fatal in childhood. Sickle-cell trait is the result of a pleiotropic gene. Sickle-prison cell trait is too known every bit sickle-cell anemia.
- somatic jail cell
- any cell in the body except those directly involved with reproduction. Most cells in multicellular plants and animals are somatic cells. They reproduce by mitosis. Run into sex activity cell.
- sperm
- a male person sex prison cell or gamete.
- stuttering alleles
- defective alleles that have segments which are doubled in their transmission from generation to generation. In the case of genetically inherited diseases, the outcome is increasingly severe symptoms each generation. The myotonic form of muscular dystrophy is an instance. Stuttering alleles are also known every bit unstable alleles.
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- T -
- Tay-Sachs Disease
- a genetically inherited condition caused past the inability to produce the enzyme hexosaminidase A. This results in progressively increased fluid pressure on the encephalon and the subsequent degeneration of the brain and nervous system showtime about 6 months of historic period and inevitably resulting in death unremarkably by age 2-three. The gene responsible for Tay-Sachs Disease is recessive. It has been most mutual among the descendents of Eastern European Jews (Ashkenazi Jews).
- truthful breeding
- encounter purebred.
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- U -
- unit inheritance
- Gregor Mendel's thought that the characteristics of parents are passed on to descendants unchanged as units. In other words, the hereditary material of whatever organism is made up of discrete units (at present called genes).
- unstable alleles
- see stuttering alleles.
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- V -
- virus
- a category of extremely small microscopic parasites of plants, animals, and bacteria. Viruses are not cells but rather RNA or DNA molecules surrounded by a protein blanket. Since viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell, they are not strictly speaking living organisms.
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- W -
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- 10 -
- Ten-linked
- referring to a gene that is carried by an X sex chromosome.
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- Y -
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- Z -
- zygote
- a "fertilized" ovum. More precisely, this is a cell that is formed when a sperm and an ovum combine their chromosomes at conception. A zygote contains the full complement of chromosomes (in humans 46) and has the potential of developing into an entire organism.
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